Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Thrips, frankliniella williamsi and other minor species are important in the americas, especially in the andean zone, and, like mites, mainly occur during extended dry periods, causing damage to newly expanding leaves. A number of thrips species are commonly found including western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, eastern flower thrips frankliniella tritici, onion thrips thrips tabaci, and echinothrips. Return to article details biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Biological control of western flower thrips wft in cut.
Invasion biology of thrips 69 introduction pathways and establishment frequently, successfully established nonnative thrips species are introduced accidentally, repeatedly, and discontinuously over long periods from one or more ranges into new areas 50, 122, 159. Unlike the hemiptera true bugs, the right mandible of thrips is reduced and vestigial and in some species completely absent. Despite their small size, these insects have the potential to cause yield reductions of more than 100 pounds of lint per acre. Biology and management of thrips university of georgia. Thripidae is a native insect of the western part of north america that was first reported in 1895. Crop protection assessment of thrips species complex and. Most feed on fungi and live in leaf litter or on dead wood. The onion thrips, thrips tabaci thysanoptera, thripidae is a polyphagous pest of allium crops in the uk and considerable effort and expenditure is employed in its control.
Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Pdf invasion biology, ecology, and management of western. Leaffeeding and flower thrips deposit eggs into plants through an egglaying apparatus called an ovipositor. Dorsal view of adult chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, is one of several thrips that can be damaging to ornamental crops. The pest status of onion thrips can be attributed to its polyphagous nature, high reproductive rate, short generation time, high survival of cryptic nonfeeding prepupa and pupa instars, ability to reproduce without mating. Grape thrips and western flower thrips are the most important species causing damage on grapes. Pdf thripsfimgus association with special reference to. Photograph by lance osborne, entomology and nematology department.
Members of insect order thysanoptera with two recognized suborders, the terebrantia and tubulifera, are commonly called thrips. Thrips thysanoptera 2 suborders terebrantia and tubulifera 9 families 750 genera 8000 extant species 5500 described 50% feed on fungi 40% feed on dicotyledonous plants i. Two thrips for possible biological control of brazilian. Based on the level of feeding damage, host preference, and host. W e further highlight emerging topics regarding the species status of western ower thrips, as well. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that. Transfer thrips to 70% alcohol to preserve for identifi cation. The species that feed on higher plants occur mostly in the family thripidae. Thrips damage plants by feeding on leaf and flower tissue, leaving a silvery appearance.
The left mandible is used briefly to cut into the food plant. After hatching from eggs, first stage larvae immediately starts feeding on plant tissue and while feeding they. Amblyseius cucumeris and amblyseius swirskii is the preferred predator for thrips control. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation. The life cycle of this thrips has not been determined. During the summer months when nearby crops are harvested, large migrations of thrips into productions areas can occur.
Life cycle and population dynamics of thrips palmi karny jircas. Biological control of western flower thrips wft in cut flowers summary the biology and biological control of western flower thrips wft was examined on gerberas, chrysanthemums and roses. Buglogical natural organic gardeners reference catalog provides solutions to pest problems, ladybugs, praying mantis, beneficial nematodes and beneficial insects. Management of western flower thrips during spring annual production. Thrips are a major pest of greenhouse crops in ontario. They are closely related to bugs hemiptera with similar sucking mouthparts but can be distinguished by the following features. Thrips puncture the leaves, flowers, or stems with their mouth parts and suck up the exuding sap. Uga cooperative extension circular 1158 biology and management of thrips affecting the production nursery and landscape. These eggs hatch into tiny larvae that develop through two larval stagesinstars.
Despite this, overall understanding of the biology and behaviour of t. Numerous black specks of feces scattered over a stippled leaf surface is a clue that damage is caused by thrips, but look for the insects themselves. Female adult western flower thrips live up to 30 days and lay 210 eggs per day. Depending on the extent of feeding, flowers become flecked, spotted, or deformed. As insect vectors, thrips are sole transmitters of tospoviruses. Chilli thrips scirtothrips dorsalis gladiolus thrips thrips simplex privet thrips dendothrips ornatus weeping fig thrips gynaikothrips uzeli western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis authors. The western flower thrips is the most widespread and troublesome thrips for british columbia growers, but other species can also be serious pests. Thysanoptera article pdf available april 1984 with 31 reads. Both species may be found in most grapegrowing areas. Thrips are one of the most if not the most important greenhouse pests in canada and throughout the world. With magnification, you can identify the adults that range in color from yellow to black and have four long, narrow. Choose from 500 different sets of choice 2 multiple ap biology flashcards on quizlet. Proceedings of the 1993 international conference on thysanoptera, plenum publishing co. Hershey, in genetic improvement of vegetable crops, 1993.
Characteristics thrips are small winged insects ranging in size from 0. Thrips are best collected from fl owers, but can be collected from leaves by washing through fi nescreened sieves. View of biology and ecology of the western flower thrips. Thrips are tiny and tend to feed in buds, within furled leaves, or in other unexposed areas of the plant. Monitoring western flower thrips as a tomato spotted wilt virus vector in tomato, in b. Biology and control of thrips on seedling cotton thrips are the smallest of all cotton insect pests with an overall body length of less than onetwelfth of an inch. Specific emphasis is put on the current status of hymenopterous parasitoids attacking thrips, their biology, ecology and lifehistory and the prospects they might have for thrips control in. Thrips were one of the first pests for which resistance was systematically sought in cassava, and. After two larval instars, which are important to feeding stages, the insect goes through two nonfeeding pupal instars. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Pupa is hidden in soil or curled leaves for chilli thrips and is not typically seen.
Authors division of crop protection central institute for. They are tan colored mites found on the underside of leaves along the viens or inside mature flowers. Thrips in vegetables begin life as an egg, inserted into the host plants tissue terebrantia, or attached to the plant surface. Biology, population fluctuation and control of the banana thrips, frankliniella parvula hood in chantalpa, tabasco in spanish. In the 1970s and early 1980s, this species spread throughout north america beshear 1983. The chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is an important pest of various vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops in southern and eastern asia, africa, and oceania ananthakrishnan 1993, cabieppo 1997, cab 2003. Morphological and dna barcoding evidence for invasive pest. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Both thrips feed on the brazilian peppertree, but scientists found that one from ouro preto was more coldtolerant than a thrips from farther north in brazil. Learn choice 2 multiple ap biology with free interactive flashcards. Wft survived equally on gerberas, flowering chrysanthemums and roses, but survived poorly on itnonflowering chrysanthemums. Yellow sticky traps are useful for monitoring, particularly for the presence or absence of any of the.
Invasion biology of thrips invasion biology of thrips morse, joseph g hoddle, mark s. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis wft is found in both vegetable and ornamental crops. Thrips have asymmetrical mouthparts unique to the group. They predict the insect will thrive in florida, where temperatures sometimes dip below freezing, which is. Damage from thrips thysanoptera to growing tips of oregano origanum. Thrips fimgus association with special reference to the sporophagous bactrothrips idolomorphus karny. However, western flower thrips is the predominant species and the most difficult to. Soon thereafter, it was found in europe in dutch greenhouses and has since become an exotic pest of greenhouse production. Onion thrips population genetics and implications for. Control thrips with beneficial insects and nematodes.
The hawaiian flower thrips feeds only on flowers of hosts takahashi, 1936. Ir4 ornamental horticulture program thrips efficacy. Thrips complex distribution in macadamiagrowing areas. Thrips resistance in pepper and its consequences for the. Abstract different levels of thrips resistance were found in seven capsicum accessions. There are about 5000 described species of thrips insects in the order thysanoptera 1,2. Proceedings of the 7th international symposium on thysanoptera 353 lacasa a, esteban jr, beitia fj and contreras j. Thrips resistance in pepper and its consequences for the acquisition and inoculation of tomato spotted wilt virus by the western flower thrips.
Backyard gardener recognizing and controlling thrips. Many thrips are destructive pests of plants, especially grain crops, fruits and vegetables, and ornamentals. Biology, behavior, and life cycle of western flower thrips. Thripidae, is a pest in commercially produced onion allium cepa l. Thrips in greenhouse crops biology, damage and management. Investigations into the biology and behaviour of thrips. In united states of america and canada this pest along with onion maggot is. Thrips are known to reproduce sexually or asexually but their females generally lay eggs by inserting them into leaf or bud tissues.
Stevens2 1 national plant pest reference laboratory, ministry of agriculture and forestry, p. Feeding activities result in plant deformities, scarring, loss of yield, and in some cases, transmission of plant pathogens. This ipmbased program involves monitoring, early treatment, good. They have a wide host range consisting of hundreds of plant species that includes all the major greenhouse vegetable crops and many commonly grown ornamentals. Order thysanoptera family thripidae advertisements.
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